Kat Zavada (b. 1990, Poland) is an independent curator, researcher and spiritual technocrat based in Glasgow. She uses speculation as a method to investigate radical & fringe concepts. Her current research examines “humans as data beings”, dataveillance and post-work imaginaries.

After her first Master’s in Social Communication at the Pedagogical University of Cracow with a dissertation titled “The political image of the alt-right movement in Poland”, Kat went on to study MLitt Curatorial Practice Contemporary Art at The Glasgow School of Art and the University of Glasgow.

Recent curatorial projects include: Data Beings – collaboration with artisit Letta Shtohryn (in progress), Works On Work – collaborative research platform (ongoing), Hyper Hyper podcast (ongoing). She conducted a research in support of the COP26 related programme during her internship at the CCA Glasgow (disrupted by COVID-19). Kat contributed to the organisation of several arts and culture projects such as Cracow Gallery Weekend (2018), she founded and organised the visual art & experimental music festival Nadmiar/Excess (2017 – ongoing).
Portfolio: www.katzavada.com

¯\_(ツ)_/¯ Curatorial Statement ¯\_(ツ)_/¯

Curation for me is a form of critical enquiry, knowledge creation and exchange.
I use speculation as a method to investigate fringe or radical topics – to question the present by constructing alternative realities. My process bounces between academic rigour and humour, as I tackle academic themes in a sometimes non-academic manner.

My curatorial process has a rhizomatic structure, an assemblage of the political, economics, sociology, philosophy and pop culture. My research spans neoliberal tech utopias, South China Post’s newsletter, Reddit memes, Reza Negarestani’s tweets and conspiracy theories. I’m intrigued by topics related to post-work, late capitalism, data colonialism and post-Anthropocene imaginaries.

Each new project has its beginnings in a ‘curatorial crush’ which is born out of excitement, uncertainty and true admiration for an artist’s practice. This, I believe, leads to a dynamic collaboration full of challenging discussions and intellectual stimulations. Through my curatorial practice, I strive for genuine relations built upon trust and mutual respect, but foremost, openness to honest feedback and constructive critique.

I don’t have just one curatorial methodology and I do not believe in a one-size-fits-all model. Instead, I approach projects by learning the process and needs of my collaborators. I listen, respond and adjust to find a comfortable and effective way of working for both sides. It is a flexible and empathetic way of working. This creates a solid base that allows for exciting explorations and the creation of new knowledge.

BIO

Kate Holford is an artist and writer based in Glasgow, UK. She is Founding Art Director at Stillpoint Magazine (2018-ongoing), an international, digital publication that inhabits digital spaces to build public knowledge rooted in psychoanalysis. In December 2019 she co-organised the symposium Racism and Ecology in Berlin as part of Stillpoint Magazine’s Issue 003: FALLOW, and currently facilitates an Antiracism Reading Group for psychiatrists with Editor-in-Chief of Stillpoint Magazine Anne Marie Wirth Cauchon. She was curator of Imagine the Future, a performance event and exhibition of moving image installations by Jessica Holdengarde, Glasgow (2020).

As an interdisciplinary artist, she utilises curatorial strategies of connection-making and practice-led research methodologies to develop projects which often manifest as multimodal publications across print and digital formats. Much of her work appears in the written form, merging critical reflections and poetical forms. Recent research has been concerned with modes of correspondence and autotheory, in relation to intimacy, surveillance, extraction, and vulnerability, manifesting in the project Dear Lithium,. 

She was previously the Deputy Director of Stillpoint Spaces London, a psychotherapy, coworking, and events space, where she was Curator of the in-house exhibitions programme. In 2018 she held a solo exhibition of her work In The Stories There Is An Abundance; and produced Offerings, an accompanying pamphlet of poetry. She has exhibited in group exhibitions in London, Bristol, and Falmouth, UK. Previously she has been a Bookshop Manager. She completed a Master of Letters in Curatorial Practice (Contemporary Art), co-convened by the Glasgow School of Art and University of Glasgow in 2020, and received her BA(Hons) Fine Art from Falmouth University in 2013.

DEAR LITHIUM,

I: Publication: a collection of texts and analogue images that form a single ‘object’, brought together in the shape of a envelope. This object can be found in a public book exchange near the site of the UK’s first pilot lithium extraction plant, United Downs, Cornwall. This is the only edition in circulation.

II: dear-lithum.exposed: a website interrogating the effects of the digital/non-digital divide on experience of place, intimacy, and togetherness, in an age of increasing reliance on technological interfaces for creating and maintaining relationships with others.

Expanded Attitudes is a publication developed collaboratively between curator Hannah Benassi and artists Sean Ellcombe, Naomi McClure, and Masaki Ishikawa. Reflecting on the isolation of lockdown and the restrictions imposed by Covid-19, this publication provides a space for three contemporary painters to reflect on previously completed projects and share new experimental developments of their practices. Focusing on the expanded field of painting and its different working processes, Expanded Attitudes presents a variety of work from linear drawings to three-dimensional models. This publication chronicles the artists’ creative processes during the pandemic while considering changing identities in contemporary painting.

Hannah Benassi is an artist and curator based in Edinburgh. Receiving her BA (Hons) in Fine Art from Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design, Benassi has exhibited her work in Dundee, Edinburgh, Kelso, and London. Continuing her studies in Curatorial Practice at The Glasgow School of Art and the University of Glasgow, Benassi’s practice is concerned with contemporary painting in the expanded field, where she focuses on providing curatorial contributions to the development of the artists’ practice. Recently curated exhibitions include: My Truth is your story, co-curated with Shalmali Shetty and Yihang Hu, The Britannia Panopticon (2019), Beyond the Conventions of Painting, Salt Space Gallery (2020); and the digital publication Expanded Attitudes (2020). Working independently and collaboratively with artists and curators, she has also worked for Patricia Fleming Projects in Glasgow assisting the curatorial team with Anne Colvin’s interconnective residency When does a second become a moment? (2020).

Creating communicative spaces through collaborative methods of practice, my curatorial projects perform a levelled working dynamic between artist and curator. My curatorial research stems from my practice as an artist where I explore the changes in contemporary painting to examine how curators are responding to the expansive developments of the artform. Shifting between artist and curator, my curatorial methodology engages in prioritising the working process of the artists and to contribute to the development of their painting practice. Providing a loose framework at the beginning of every collaboration allows me to support interdisciplinary approaches to painting where my aim is to connect with the explorative practice of the artist and their unique identities of contemporary painting.

Instagram: @hannahbenassi

Claude Chan

Bio: Claude is a curator and researcher from Hong Kong. Her practice is concerned with queer histories, performance, technology and posthumanism, particularly the relationship between human body and technology as a framework for challenging the issues of ontology and anthropocentrism. Her research is centred around interview and conversation, with a focus on the role of the curator within an artist’s practice when facing ethical issues of display.

Recent exhibitions and research include: In/Invisibility: Presence In Performance, co-curated with Carol Dunn, Hannah Braithwaite and Shalmali Shetty (Kelvin Hall, March 2020); Authority & Freedom: Testing the Context, co-curated with Beatriz Lobo Britto, Marianne Vosloo, Dia Cao and Luke Liu (Under M8 Motorway and A804 Phoenix Road, Oct 2019). She has worked for CCA Glasgow through its Art Internship since 2019, assisting the curatorial team on the Cooking Pot Programme (May/June 2020).

Curatorial & Research Statement:

With a strong interest in posthuman art and curatorial practice, my curatorial methodology uses creative discourse as a strategy by conducting interviews with artists and curators as specialists key case studies, from which a layered exploration of experience, theories and narrative may develop.

My Master’s dissertation aims to discuss the concept of posthumanism in terms of exploring changing relationships between technology and the human body as a framework for challenging issues of ontology and anthropocentrism; observing that, the discussion of this topic in contemporary art and curatorial practice remains to be fully charted, and the theoretical research on it is worthy of which to pay attention. By reviewing historical exhibitions concerning the post-human, this research aims to examine the conditions of curating that frame the existence and further development of posthuman art, as well as presenting the desire for body enhancement as a response to expand the imagination and discussion.

My curatorial concerns centre around the moral impact of artistic practice on curatorial practice, seeking to develop a deeper understanding of the attitudes that curators should hold when facing these challenges through my research. By analyzing key case studies in my dissertation, I hope to present a wider view of posthumanism in curatorial practice, which will advance and support my own curation of projects in the future.

Bio

Cecelia Graham (b.1994, Belfast) is a curator and researcher working in Glasgow. Her practice applies science fiction and feminist theories of physics to curatorial methodologies. Cecelia’s research looks at the material processes of speculative objects in science fiction to create a framework through which to look at the local spaces they inhabit.

Recent curatorial projects include Slow Glass Edition One: Some Triangular Thoughts by Lauren Gault (2020), Over or Under (2019) with Molly O’Leary and Dominique Rivard, co-curated with Ali O’Shea and Joe Henry, Mythic Processing (2018) and the facilitation of exhibitions with the Student Led Gallery at Camberwell College of Arts where Cecelia worked as Exhibition and Event coordinator (2016-2019). This includes Collectives at Camberwell with Working Class Artist Network and Alter Us (2019) and New Camberwell Art (2018-2019). Cecelia recently worked with LUX Scotland looking at artist moving image practices in Scotland.

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Slow Glass

In 2020 Cecelia founded Slow Glass, a publication series named after the same material that appears in Northern Irish writer Bob Shaw’s science fiction story Light of Other Days. The publication aims to provide a space for artists and writers to explore shifting boundaries of time and place. In doing so, Slow Glass acts as a lens through which to orientate memories and look at a place anew. The first iterations of the publication look towards Northern Ireland, beginning with Some Triangular Thoughts by Glasgow based artist Lauren Gault.

Slow Glass also forms a separate ongoing body of research that proposes the glass as a curatorial method. This will accumulate in a piece of writing that looks at the materiality of the glass and the movement of light through and around the material to shape an ethical mode of curating.

This research is informed by Karen Barad’s writings on diffraction, as well as the writing of Donna Haraway and Ursula Le Guin. Cecelia continues a science-fiction tradition of re-writing to consider slow glass as a material that focuses on care and responsible interactions with the non-linear entanglements of time.

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Slow Glass: Edition One
Some Triangular Thoughts by Lauren Gault

Slow Glass publication series begins with Some Triangular Thoughts by Glasgow based artist Lauren Gault. Some Triangular Thoughts draws on Lauren’s ongoing research surrounding Martha Craig – an explorer, scientist and sci-fi author as well as Lauren’s great, great, great aunt. Lauren’s writing transports the reader through a vortex of refracting and interacting narratives that oscillate between the writings and lectures of Martha Craig, memory, materialist philosophy and scientific findings on bio-electricity. It is a journey through the micro and macro, told between layers of lanthorn, an ancient material that predates glass.

Some Triangular Thoughts by Lauren Gault will be released on 31 August 2020.

Updates will be posted @slowglass_

Enquires email slowglasspublication@gmail.com

Publication design by Bianca Winberg

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Lauren Gault bio

Lauren Gault (b. 1986, Belfast, N. Ireland) is an artist who lives and works in Glasgow and frequently in Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland.

Gault works in installation, writing and live works. Solo exhibitions include: C I T H R A, Gasworks, London 2020; drye eyes, Grand Union, Birmingham, 2019; O-n, curated by David Dale Gallery, Glasgow at The Workbench, Milan 2019; present cOmpany, CCA Derry-Londonderry, Derry, 2018; sequins, (with Sarah Rose), Glasgow International. Group exhibitions include: Risky Attachments, Like A Little Disaster, Foothold, Polignano a Mare, Italy, 2018, STEM, (with Sarah Rose), Baltic39 (2017); A Pattern Withdrawn, American Medium, New York (2016); The Health Benefits of Eating Silica (event), TRAMWAY, Glasgow International (2016); January Blues, Frutta, Rome, (2016); read the room, you’ve got to, curated by Quinn Latimer, SALTS, Basel (2014); Portraits, Still Life and Landscapes, Usher Gallery, Lincoln, (2014); Gault has an upcoming exhibition C I T H R A, The Tetley, Leeds in 2021.

Grace Jackson is a curator and writer from Toronto, Canada, currently based in Glasgow, UK. Presently, Grace is completing her Master of Letters in Curatorial Practice (Contemporary Art) at the Glasgow School of Art and the University of Glasgow. Her research interests include queer theory; alternative and ephemeral forms of archiving; and curatorial practices based on hope, disappointment, and uncertainty.

Previously, Grace was the director of the Toronto gallery The Zwig Foundation Collection from 2017-2019, where she organised artist talks, community events, and alternative curatorial programs that intended to enliven a static collection with new perspectives and discursive forms of looking and learning. Additionally, she was editor-in-chief of discount magazine, an artist-run publication based out of Toronto from 2015-2018. With discount, Grace led the organising, fundraising, and publication of two successful issues that brought together international artists based on varying themes. Grace completed her BFA in Art History with distinction at Concordia University in Montreal, Canada in 2015.

PROJECT SUMMARY

VIDEO ~ From My Bedroom to Yours: Art History Lessons from an Absolute Nobody and EXTENDED ESSAY ~ Unruly forms of Care: Preserving Humility as a method of Curatorial Resistance

This curatorial project takes the form of both essay and video, using the work of artist Vaginal Davis to unpack traditional curatorial strategies of care.

Vaginal Crème Davis is an LA-born, Berlin-based artist whose artistic practice spans a vast and untameable array of media. Throughout her work, she has applied unpredictable styles, techniques, themes, and venues making her difficult to define or pin-down. Her lengthy career destabilizes notions of gender, race, sexuality, and linearity, as she fluidly moves between progressing forward and returning back to old habits and ideas. As Dominic Johnson explains, “Davis’s personas reject the internal counter-cultural mandate to refuse self-criticism, instead problematizing the functions and assumptions of normative trends within the margins,” (Johnson, 2001). Her conceptual lectures, zines, and drag performances not only move away from standards imposed by mainstream culture, they further seek to undermine standards more generally. Davis continues to challenge her viewers to look for alternatives to current circumstances and new possibilities that are not always evident elsewhere.

Famously described as employing a form of ‘terrorist drag’ by José Esteban Muñoz in 1999, Davis imposes unruly and eccentric concepts upon her audience, often even radicalising ideas that already appear unconventional (Muñoz, 2018, 93). In 2003 Davis explained to her interviewer:

“When it comes to performance art, I am more interested in the failures than the so-called successes. I have never cared for entertaining anyone. My performances may have elements that some may find entertaining, but that’s not my main purpose.” (Bregman, 2003)

Gaining a clear understanding of Davis’s goals is not necessarily possible, as her intentions with each project vary enormously. However, determining the purpose of her work, or trying to grasp it entirely is perhaps beside the point. Davis invites us into a space in which we are not necessarily privy to what is going on; however, we are together in collective discomfort, sharing an uncertainty about how we should feel or what we should think. Angry, messy, humorous, and unkempt, yet always intelligent and thoughtful, Davis’s work activates the politics of her own body, as well as the bodies, spaces, structures, and oppressions that surround her.

Further, Davis’s work offers a powerful avenue through which to explore practices of curating, and therefore caring for art. My video project seeks to both present the work of Vaginal Crème Davis, while also experimenting and exploring avenues of curation that are antithetical to traditional standards of white cubes and academia. Following from Jack Halberstam’s concept of the ‘queer public intellectual,’ the project seeks to undermine boundaries between academic and community-based forms of learning, blending them together and demonstrating their validity harmoniously (Halberstam, 2003, p. 363). The extended essay examines institutionalised curatorial methods that seek profit and cultural capital above the interests of the artists they work with and seeks to demonstrate how Davis’s work is inherently in opposition to such goals. Divergently, the art historical video diary intends to offer a unique counterpoint to institutionalised curating and writing about art. Inspired by Davis’s anarchic and nonlinear practice, curator Grace Jackson comes to us via webcam, taking us through three disparate works by the artist. From the confines of Jackson’s bedroom, we have the opportunity to engage with personal and sensory interpretations of Davis’s work that are indeed bound by fact, yet also by ephemera. The project seeks to demonstrate the fluidity necessary within authentic forms of care, asking us to consider how each artist can offer new ways to interrogate curatorial practices.

Alison O’Shea is currently based in Cork city, Ireland, currently pursuing the MLitt Curatorial Practice (Contemporary Art) programme through extended study. Her curatorial and artistic practices’ primary concerns include alternative methodologies of productivity, and creating sustainable practice models through speculative fiction. Recent curatorial projects include; relaxation*, Siuán Ní Dhochartaigh, Glasgow, UK; Over or Under, Molly O’Leary and Dominique Rivard, co-curated with Joe Henry and Cecelia Graham, Glasgow, UK; and Burning Down the House, Cork, Ireland. Her upcoming project a passive house is a collaborative publication and event with her sibling Lily O’Shea and will launch in late November 2020 in Cork city, Ireland.

Lily O’Shea is a visual artist based in Ireland and current artist-in-residence at The Guesthouse Project as part of the INHOUSE initiative, Cork. Her practice is concerned with political questions surrounding the contemporary labourer. This practice involves sculpture, performance, and film, as well as different forms of writing and publishing in varied contexts. Recent group exhibitions include: Rhetoric, Crawford College of Art and Design Online Degree Showcase, Cork, 2020, Villa the End, Berlin Gallery Weekend, Charlottenburg, Berlin 2019, and Art(ist) Film, The Gate Cinema, Indie Film Festival, Cork, 2019.

a passive house takes the last months of lockdown as a satirical artist residency interrogating ideas surrounding creative pursuit, productivity and down-time. A passive house is a house which is truly energy efficient[1], a sustainable and comfortable structure. This publication will comprise of a series of archival material from within the house – a house which is striving to become a passive house – the goal of energy efficiency is still present but for the occupants rather than the structure. The occupants of the space return to share a room for an extended retreat into the house.

The production of this text has simultaneously been a search for a sustainable practice but also an ever-present pressure to create an output to validate the pursuit of a practice. The methodology utilised to create this piece might be considered to be procrastination – in an attempt to understand what this work is, methods such as extended periods of reality TV watching, can drinking and sleeping have been utilised. These methods have now become the material of this object as procrastination has allowed us the time of having very little time whilst simultaneously having this opening up of time due to the blurry boundaries of when this work must be done. The attempt to describe what this labour is, removes some of the irony of calling it labour in that there is now an attempt to co-opt these everyday activities as artistic pursuit. Once the observation of the residents by the residents has begun; the excavation of the everyday, the labour which was being avoided begins.

[1] https://passivehouse.com/02_informations/01_whatisapassivehouse/01_whatisapassivehouse.htm

I, as a graduating student at the Glasgow School of Art, wish to express support of Pause or Pay and G$A MFA campaigns. Pause or Pay demand Visa extensions, pastoral support and financial compensation for the loss of teaching and access to facilities due to 2019 and 2020 UCU strikes and Covid-19.

I call upon you, practitioners of the art industry, to join the fight against universities and governments that are perpetuating inequality and a lack of diversity. When you look at our work, throw your usual assessment criteria out the window and instead look with real empathy and care. Remember that an online grad show is not appropriate for everyone. Please use your platform to boost those who are disadvantaged. Do everything you can to strengthen the future of our art world.

EMERGING COMMONS

www.emergingcommons.com

emergingcommons@gmail.com

https://www.instagram.com/emergingcommons

Emerging Commons, initiated by myself in 2020, is an ongoing independent project that facilitates community empowerment through multidisciplinary curatorial methodologies intersecting with social policy, urban planning and land reform. The project works primarily outside of traditional art venues and favours [semi-]public outdoor spaces.

My interest in curatorial practices comes from a wholehearted belief in the potential of art to transform toxicity and inequality in our societies if only art was better incorporated in all our policies, politics, industries, businesses… In many ways I align with the Artist Placement Group, but replacing the “incidental person” with a caring, politically engaged and self-reflexive curator who facilitates the strengthening of the relationship between art and life.

The scale of societal issues can be overwhelming, but it was adrienne maree brown’s book emergent strategy (2017) in combination with studying through the peak of the Covid-19 lockdown that shone a light on the power of bringing activism closer to home. brown describes an emergent strategy as a “self-help, society-help, world-help” set of principles focusing on simple interactions to create complex systems, in which strong relationships are everything. Therefore, during my studies I focused on relationality within the curatorial by examining how the curator may navigate the social dimensions of facilitator, participant and place, by situating my research within the spaces I inhabit in my day-to-day life in Glasgow.

The core of Emerging Commons aligns with brown’s conception of an ’emergent strategy’ through empowering ground-up processes that focus on decision-making and movement-building through curatorial methodologies of decentralisation and interdependence to create more possibilities for inclusion, diversity and transformative democracy. The project offers a non-hierarchical framework to mobilise participants in becoming the authors of their own empowerment. The project will constantly grow and change, and resources and knowledge will be shared for communal benefits following open source models.

POLLOKSHIELDS EAST COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT STRATEGY

Since the end of 2020 the focus has been on developing a proposal for a community empowerment strategy for Pollokshields East, a borough in the southside of Glasgow where I live. The strategy has been spurred by two devastating fires in 2019 and 2020, destroying residential flats and shops on Albert Drive and Kenmure Street (colloquially known as Albert Cross). A community empowerment strategy will help to not only recover from the fires but to tackle issues in the wider area.

A community empowerment strategy for Pollokshields East proposes 3 curatorial methods:

1) community hub and exhibition space;

2) online community map;

3) walking exercises in the Pollokshields East area.

For a community empowerment strategy for Pollokshields East there has been research undertaken on the social dimensions of curatorial practices. The way in which the curator navigates the socio-political nexus of facilitator, participants and place becomes key. Theories of ‘community assemblages’ examines the politics and processes of grouping elements together to form or create a “community” within the curatorial encounter. Theories of ‘the commons’ describe an extension of the historical definition – the communal sharing of resources and knowledge for mutual benefits – whereby the commons is a process of giving voice and creating space in the curatorial.

I completed my Masters of Curatorial Practices in Contemporary Art in January 2021 through the extended study option, and will be pursuing the realisation of a Pollokshields East community empowerment strategy henceforth.

CURATOR BIOGRAPHY

emergingcommons@gmail.com

Grace Thomson (they/them) is a curator, artist and personal development coach originating from Melbourne, Australia, residing in Glasgow, UK (with Australian/British dual citizenship). In 2015, Grace completed their BA of Fine Art at Monash University, Australia. In January 2021 Grace graduated from the Masters of Curatorial Practices (Contemporary Art) at the Glasgow School of Art. Grace is passionate about grassroots endeavours through co-founding Artmeet Artist Run Initiative and co-directing RuntLink Artist Run Gallery. Grace is committed to equality and diversity through working in the Fair Access department at the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland.

Selected education and training: Masters of Literature in Curatorial Practice (Contemporary Art), Glasgow School of Art and University of Glasgow, UK; Bachelor of Fine Art, Monash University, Australia; Double Diploma of Marketing and Management, Open Training & Education Network, Australia;  Sparqs Student Representative Training; Scottish Mental Health First Aid Training; Grade 8 Saxophone, Australian Music Examinations Board, Australia.

Selected experience: Transitions Coach, Royal Conservatoire of Scotland, UK; Class Representative of Curatorial Practice (Contemporary Art), Glasgow School of Art, UK; Founding Member, Artmeet ARI, Australia; Chairperson, Runt/Link Gallery, Australia; Work Experience, WaveParticle, UK; Transitions Mentor & Guidance Administrator, Royal Conservatoire of Scotland, UK; Gallery Assistant, Libby Edwards Galleries, Australia;  Curator, Looking at people looking or not looking at art more or less 1 mile from here, Glasgow UK; Workshop Facilitator, Dreams and Aspirations, Royal Conservatoire of Scotland, Glasgow, UK; Artist, The Maker, Space Tank Studio, Melbourne Australia; Artist, 2014 MADA Now, Monash University, Melbourne Australia; Curator and Artist, Recreational Aesthetics, Artmeet ARI, Melbourne Australia; Artist, Open for Inspections, Artmeet ARI, Melbourne Australia; Artist, Link Wall, Runt/Link Gallery, Melbourne Australia.

Joe Henry is an independent artist and curator based in Glasgow, Scotland. Joe’s work centres around music and art, developing more recently work that emerges as an interwoven meditation on healing through art and music.

His research investigates collaborations between, musicians, composers, poets, writers and photographers, curating and producing artwork that interweaves film and sculpture, music and video. Recent exhibitions and film work include:

Amy Winehouse by Charles Moriarty,(Dublin CHQ Building, May 2018);
The Lost Warhols by Karen Bystedt (Brown Thomas, Dublin, Oct 2018);
LCD Soundsystem by Ruvan Wijesooriya & Joe Henry (Guinness Storeshouse, Dublin, June 2019, and SWG3 Glasgow, October 2019);
Basquiat by Roland Hagenberg (Dublin Art Source, RDS, November 2019 and Sal Fine Art, Dublin);
Healing in a broken world, short film (Glasgow School of Art and the University of Glasgow, Postgraduate Degree Show, August 2020).

Cat Dunn is an eclectic mix of jewellery artist, activist, researcher/producer, public speaker and social justice art curator. She holds a BA Hons in Jewellery Design and Silversmithing from The Glasgow School of Art and is currently enrolled at both The Glasgow School of Art and University of Glasgow on her Master’s studies in Curatorial Practice(Contemporary Art). As a jeweller, her love of the Victorian Era, architecture and historic construction can be seen within her pieces.  As activist and curator her work seeks to engage and create dialogue through engaging with subjects as diverse as the civil rights movement, slavery, racism, and feminism, often investigating those aspects that are all too frequently hidden or misrepresented.  The overall basis of her practice is grounded on creating or adding to Black Space where inclusivity and diversity are key; with her varied and diverse approaches to making jewellery; installations; and curatorial projects, the context of the work must have an impact on the viewer.

Recent curatorial works include:  The Hunterian Collaborative Project, 2020; Reclamation – A site specific event with Artists Ashanti Harris and Georgia Robenstone, 2019, In Residence – POC Collective-Project Space 1 – 16 Nicholson St Gallery – 2018, New Dreams – Clarke and Fyfe Gallery, Kelvin Gallery – Glasgow University, 2016.(More info below)

Recent curatorial jewellery works include: Jewellery exhibition – New Ashgate Gallery Trust, 2019, Jewellery Exhibition – Truman Brewery, London, 2019, Jewellery exhibition – Llantarnam Grange, Wales, 2019, Degree show – Reid Building, The Glasgow School of Art, 2019, Facets – The Glasgow School of Art, 2018, #tehknelogy – Project, Space 3. The Glasgow School of Art, 2017, Thinking Through Making exhibition – Reid Building, Glasgow, 2016

SELECTED PROJECTS:

NOWYOUSEEUS

NOWYOUSEEUS is an online research led activist project about identity as seen through the lived experiences of womxn of colour with Afro-Caribbean textured hair, and will grow in content and material over time. A bespoke online platform was created for NOWYOUSEEUS and comprises of newly created artworks, from international artists across a range of genres; a group audio chat inclusive of personal reflections and memories, an artists’ talk inclusive of lived experiences; a clinical dialogue with a respected Scottish dermatologist; historical context; narratives and archives; and personal hair recipe cards.

Overall, all of these elements work together to speak to the idea of identity through the experiences of black/brown womxn with Afro-Caribbean hair. The project therefore hopes to educate wider publics on the historical facts of Afro-Caribbean textured hair while introducing them to new artists inspired by, and using this texture of hair as a muse, and by doing so, it aims to break down stereotypical barriers, showing and celebrating the beauty and diversity of Afro-Caribbean hair through art, language and memories.

NOWYOUSEEUS can be viewed on http://www.nowyouseeus.org

In/Visible, April 2020, The Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery, (cancelled due to Covid19)

Curatorial Team: Carol Dunn, Claude Chan, Hannah Braithwaite, Shalmali Shetty

The curators aimed to achieve an experience that welcomed and created room for conversations and discourse amongst people from a variety of disciplines.
This project focused on dance and performance, one of the most significant and developing art historical fields of this century. “A new performative turn” has emerged; strongly correlating with shifts in performance, discourses, and broader society, especially in today’s world of divisive politics. This project was carefully positioned within the current political climate, especially within the context of the Windrush generation, and Brexit, and the current feeling of imposed isolation. The curators felt it was important to explore contemporary dance and its history within a gallery space and use it as a lens through which we can better understand bodies in a gallery, and the challenges of existing within an institution or art space. What does that mean for someone who does not feel as welcomed in the gallery/space? How can we help people feel welcome?

Unravelling the related history of performance as part of visual arts, and in the process to point out and extend the boundaries of what is possible in the paradigm of art and performance today. The project hoped to introduce a new type of audience to the educational yet historical space of Kelvin-Hall Complex and aimed to break down the barriers by showing that everyone deserves the chance to be welcomed in an art setting.

In/Visible was inspired by the works of artists Jimmy Robert and Georgina Starr where the curators created a one-day event focusing on the idea of visibility and presence within a gallery space; They divided the day into four categories: a zine-making workshop, a film screening, a talk followed by a Q&A session, and the display of visual materials/ artwork and zines. They saw all of these elements working together to speak of the idea of visibility/ invisibility. The curatorial approach also revolved around the concept of hospitality and the gesture of welcoming people into a space. The curators believed creating this environment was essential.

The proposed day would have started with a zine-making workshop. This event was free but ticketed, and they were looking to involve about 20 participants, for whom stationery would have by been provided by them. They were looking to collaborate with the Glasgow Zine Library who would facilitate the workshop. The motivation behind the workshop was to allow participants an opportunity to explore the idea of visibility/ invisibility and what that means to them on a personal level.

The film screening was to be led by and (scheduled in collaboration with) Glasgow-based curator Lydia Honeybone , organizer and founder of Queer Classics film screenings series. The film screening revolved around works that pertain to the idea of queerness and performance. Drawing inspiration from Jimmy Robert’s own work as a gay black performer, the curators wanted to highlight this facet of performance art/ history and demonstrate works of other queer performers. This functioned within the concept of ‘making visible’, or present that which is often left out.

London-based Kate Coyne was due to lead the talk, the final event of the day. Coyne is the principal dancer for Michael Clark and Company (currently one of the leading contemporary dance companies in the UK) and formerly a principal ballerina. Coyne’s talk also focused on the theme of visibility and invisibility within professional dance. Speaking of her experience in many areas of the dance world, as well as showcasing the invisible labour of professional dance through behind-the-scenes footage. This talk was to be followed by a question and answer session or a long-table discussion encouraging engagement from the audience.

The visual displays and artworks for the event would in part be provided by Glasgow-based artist Ashanti Harris . Harris suggested a video work that dealt with the idea of presence and visibility through an interactive video. Not only will Harris’ presence as a black performance artist be important and significant within the context of this event, but the piece itself intended to allow for visitors to become participants and be made visible in the gallery through the artwork. The displays would have been showcased throughout the day.

The audience itself would have been diverse. The curators were seeking to engage with an audience that includes Glasgow’s dance, queer, and art loving communities, and aimed to include/ welcome people who may not feel welcome in a historically academic/ colonial space of a formal art gallery like the Hunterian. They wanted to welcome an inclusive and diversified audience who reflected the kind of practices they wished to put on display and as such, had intended to send invitations to the dance communities around Glasgow, as reaching out to their students and welcoming them into this space would have proven invaluable.

Through creating this project, the curators gained an insight and valuable experience of working within an institution and the benefits and challenges that come with that. We were able to practice curatorial and writing skills following a project from conception to its very final stages.

RECLAMATION, November 2019, Rockvilla site, Whisky Bond Complex, Speirs Wharf

Curatorial Team: Carol Dunn, Kate Holford, Grace Jackson

The aim of RECLAMATION was to disrupt the notion of safe space, as propagated by the frameworks of educational institutions. By initializing performance and interactions with the site of Rockvilla School – the ruin of a Victorian school building designed at the same time as the development of teacher training programmes of educator David Stow – we wish to pose some of the following questions to our audience: is our site of education (Stow College, named after David Stow) a ‘safe space’ for learning? Is it equal? Do you feel free to test things out in your space of learning and voice your ideas or identity? Is this the same for everyone? Why not? Are there unspoken rules that govern how you exist within an educational space? We sought to instigate these thoughts through the lenses of feminism and post-colonial theory, referring to the specificity of being a person of colour, and/or woman, within spaces of education and related knowledge-power structures.

Exhibitions have become the medium through which most art becomes known, where signification is constructed, maintained, deconstructed, becoming part spectacle, part socio-historical even part structuring device. These establish and administer the cultural meanings of Art.

As a result, exhibitions are examined more in depth with what largely remains unexplored, that is the interconnected manifestations between curators, institutions and the artists.
As curators we did not want that scrutiny on or for our own project.

Rockvilla had key elements that made the site a viable option, with a history of gender discrimination, lack of inclusion and issues of self-worth.
As such we choose to petition and work with two women artists of different backgrounds but with the same ethos of working with vulnerable women and showing them as being powerful. Our chosen artists Ashanti Harris and Georgia Robenstone had worked within the confines of gender issues, as had Kirsty Henderson at The Whisky Bond.

We wanted to create an inclusive, safe research space where each artist could attempt something new, or re-visit something that they had perhaps done historically but attempt with a different twist. Our only curatorial intervention was allowing these artists the freedom to discover and explore the site, to have the option to use movement, voice, sound or image to assist with their project.

Beatriz Lobo (b. 1994, Brazil) is a curator, museologist and researcher. An enthusiast of non-hierarchical thinking, she believes in the equality of ideas and non-linear ways of composing and organizing them. Interested in performance art as a form of critique, and guided by a theoretical approach, she works under an intersectional feminist framework. Her most recent research investigates strategies to decolonize the curatorial through Brazilian art practices.

Beatriz holds a BA (Hons) in Museum Studies and her professional experience extends from community-based museums to private collections. For more information, please refer to the website.

DISSERTATION TITLE

Performing Refusal: Lygia Clark’s practice as a decolonial tool within the curatorial

ABSTRACT
Although decoloniality has been a prominent topic in the arts since the 1990s, the major studies and publications on the topic have been led by institutions from the Global North. Despite the increasing amount of exhibitions by artists of colour and other minorities, the internal structures of these institutions are still white-male dominated. This paper introduces Brazil’s political scenario since the 1960s and, under the Black Feminist Poethics methodology, discusses strategies of decoloniality within the curatorial field. By building a parallel between Lygia Clark’s practice and conceptualising refusal aligned with the Practicing Refusal Collective, it proposes refusal as a generative tool. Finally, the research is brought to a contemporary context, presenting the COLERE Project, a curatorial initiative that has emerged to perform the theory and methodology discussed in this very paper. It concludes the fundamental importance of people of colour and other minorities to lead discussions that concern themselves. Ultimately, this paper demonstrates that visibility is not power, suggesting alternative ways of working in the arts, going beyond exhibiting unprivileged artists, and placing them in a role of knowledge production and decision-making instead.

Hemp Rope 

https://hemp-ropes.com/

Curator’s biography

Kehan Liu is a curator based in Shandong (China). He graduated in Photography at Qilu University of Technology in 2019 and is currently pursuing a MLitt Curatorial Practice (Contemporary Art) at Glasgow School of Art. Recent projects include:

Team project “Authority&Freedom: Testing the context”(Glasgow, 28th October 2019) curated by Beatriz Lobo Britto, Jiaying Cao, Kehan Liu, Marianne Vosloo, and Pui Ying Claudia Chan with artists Andrew Crane, Martha Panagiotopoulou.

Cross-cultural project “CROSS or NOT TO CROSS”(NGS East, Glasgow, March 2020) curated by Kehan Liu and Jiaying Cao with artists Qiushi Chen, Yuanjie Li, Xueling Wang and Yihang Hu.

Curatorial statement

My curatorial methodology is based on interactive dialogues, and gradually elicits my own thinking about the “local” art ecology and the development of curatorial practice. My curatorial methodology provides a solid theoretical foundation and practical skills for my next research. In the process of applying the curatorial language to the next curatorial practice, I try to obtain more resources by expanding the research themes and curatorial direction to improve the overall curatorial ability.

I actively participate in retrieval and theoretical work, hoping to balance practice and theory to determine a more suitable station method for me. The theme of my project is the development of local art ecology and curatorial practice. In the process of combing the theory, I found that this theme can be extended to the national or even world levels. Curation should be understood as art, it should be creative and creative, and convey the information of artistic elements through the curatorial language.

My curatorial projects and investigations revolve around the content of interviews with artists and curators. In the process of dialogue, I capture the core thesis and creative information. At the same time, the conversation with the artist can also enable me to reflect on the shortcomings of the project and investigation to improve the project planning further.

The textual interview content is displayed to the public, and the audience can intuitively see the impact of the curatorial practice process and interactive thinking. I display the project in two different languages so that audiences of different cultural backgrounds can obtain Different feelings, thereby increasing the diversity of the project. Using textual content as the form of the exhibition can also allow the audience to see the deficiencies of the exhibition more intuitively. Through the feedback in the later period, I have gained more significant improvement.

Hannah Braithwaite is a curator and writer working on a Master’s in Curatorial Practice at the Glasgow School of Art. She is currently based in Tkaronto/Toronto. Her previous exhibitions include Looking at People Looking (Or Not Looking) At Art More or Less 1 Mile from Here (2019), (Dis)CONNECT (2018) and an unrealized project with the Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery, Glasgow. She holds a Bachelor’s of Fine Arts in Art History from Concordia University. She is interested in queer archival practices and storytelling, domestic spaces, craft and their political importance.

Her most recent project, having been touched on the surface, is a zine and online appendix for queer women to reflect upon the spaces they inhabit and create. Initiated by Hannah Braithwaite in collaboration with and featuring new writing from Hannah Karpinski and Isabelle Joy-Stephen, the project explores queer friendships, ephemera, and domestic space, inspired in part by José Esteban Muñoz’s text “Ephemera as Evidence”. Ephemera, defined by Muñoz, accounts for the residues of queer life. In having been touched on the surface, ephemera takes the form of sewing patterns, shared clothing, and familiar routines. The zine will be published in a limited run in September of 2020 and will not be available online, rather distributed locally by the collaborators.

The accompanying online appendix shows fragments of the many works that inspired and innfluenced this project. It can be found at surfacezine.tumblr.com.

Curator’s Biography

Jiaying Cao is a curator and designer from China, currently living in Glasgow. She is adept at turning concepts into reality, and likes to explore different forms, genres and media in both curation and graphic design. She is currently interested in film-making and has also created and participated in the shooting of several short films. Recently, she has been conducting research on curatorial activities in different professional fields, exploring productive ways to present artworks to the public.

She holds a BA in Information and Communications from Shih Hsin University in Taiwan (2019). Recently curated exhibitions include: Monologue: an exhibition about solitude co-curated with Tingzhen Zhang, Weizheng Huang, Weidong Zhuang and Yongru Chen in December 2018 at Songshan Cultural and Creative Park, Taipei; Authority & Freedom: Testing the Context, co-curated with Beatriz Lobo Britto, Pui Ying Chan, Kehan Liu and Marianne Vosloo in October 2019 at M8 motorway pedestrian underpath, Glasgow; and the Online project Dia-Logue, August 2020.

Curatorial statement

My curatorial methodology is based on interview and expanded dialogue. I seek to explore how interviews and online interactions serve to promote art and enable it to reach a wider audience, establishing through these my own curatorial framework.

Most of my curatorial projects include two elements: interactivity and interviews. Interviews have the potential to communicate core ideas about artworks, while interactivity encourages expression and sensory experience. I actively use these two methods to close the distance between art and the audience

Through the practice of interviewing I can learn more about artists and their practices,  have a symbiotic exchange and influence on one another. The format of the interview allows the artist’s voice to be heard, giving the audience a closer understanding of the ideas and intention behind their artworks. Additionally, through the process of interviewing, I can learn about other people’s curatorial experiences, and subsequently through an iterative practice, continually review and find the most suitable curatorial methods for myself.

This interaction with artists and curators builds the internal framework of my curatorial practice. Interactivity can attract audiences to engage with curatorial projects or exhibitions, and through this interaction, the audience is not only a viewer, but also, part of the exhibition experience, hopefully allowing the audience to be completely immersed in it. In turn, breaking the stereotype that art is untouchable, so that art can be accessed and felt by more people.

Project Description:

Dia-Logue is an online project curated by Jiaying Cao. Through the art interview as the main method, this project explores diverse methods for bringing artwork(s) to the public(s) and curatorial workings across different fields. Jiaying firmly believes that the sonic space can draw the audience closer.

The project launched on 3 August 2020 and will continue to develop as a long-term project. Everyone is welcome to join and have a chat with her, to make this project more colourful and abundant as it grows in content and form.

About the Project

Roc Blackblock– Barcelona; KMG – Edinburgh; Priestcorp – Glasgow; Siguel – Poland and Dr. D – London

Running through autumn 2020, Art of Defiance originated in Glasgow as a progression of creative responses centred on the ideas of connection, disruption, influence and change within the period of the Covid-19 pandemic. The project is curated by Marianne Vosloo and has developed through close collaborations with artists spanning a range of backgrounds, whose practices seek to create spaces of resistance and forms of disruption in the physical and digital public spheres in a time of crisis.

Art of Defiance takes the form of a series of poster interventions in advertising sites situated on the walls of the railway arches in Glasgow’s Eastvale Place. This small dead-end street is tucked away in between a diverging point of two railway lines next to an old industrial site, now a multi-disciplinary arts venue called SWG3. In addition, the project takes the form of web postings on social media and a customised website, developed collaboratively with each artist. The project connects a group of visual artists, street artists, aerosol artists and communication designers with overlapping subversive practices. Art of Defiance captures creative reactions to concealed, pre-existing and invisible issues further exposed by the pandemic, personal experiences, contemporary events and public discourse.

The zero in A0D represents artists, practices and voices not fully recognised in the art canon and, those who prefer the shadows of artistic anonymity. At the same time, zero is the new beginning of unlimited possibilities and visions for the future.

Curatorial Rationale

The emergence of coronavirus rapidly grew from a highly infectious disease into a set of circumstances and restrictions worldwide that would affect everything that we know and all aspects of our lives. What surfaced as a result of this turmoil was an unmasking and magnification of social and economic inequalities, with many levels of injustices made visible by an “invisible agent” (‘The Pandemic’s Invisible Agent‘, www.hyperallergic.com). The humanitarian crisis that unfolded simultaneously presented new possibilities to unsettle, subvert and transform systems and structures of power in creative ways, whilst concurrently revealing acts of resilience and new visions for the future.

The development of Art of Defiance started in the street; directly engaging with the strong imagery of placards and protests seen in early 2020. Most memorable was the political graffiti slogans painted in protest onto the monument of the Confederate General Robert E. Lee in Richmond, Virginia, as part of numerous 2020 protests against police brutality in the U.S.A.  The discarded placards around the toppled Edward Colston statue in Bristol similarly highlighted the strong presence of art in protest. This builds on evolving political struggles, acts of intervention to raise awareness of repressive and regressive acts of selfish capitalism, and an emerging satirical theme in activist art. Art in public space continued to emerge resilient and unrestrained, despite pandemic restrictions, while the rest of society viewed it on the internet under lockdown.

The placement of artwork into advertising sites such as billboards and bus stops in the urban environment is a disruption and repurposing of the commercial space. At the same time, the content of artwork created specifically for Art of Defiance is in itself seeking to disrupt, defy and challenge the major social, economic and political manipulations of 2020. A0D is the beginning of a community beyond the local, and which engages in the broader discussions around public art emerging during the pandemic.

Each of the artists has devised a poster intervention considered as an act of defiance in itself, which directly addresses the pandemic period. They have produced a piece of artwork during 2020 whilst remaining in five separate locations in Europe, working under different lockdown restrictions and limitations. The production of the artwork as posters connects with the history of artistic protest posters used at times of major social change.

A0D is both an arts commission and a shift towards a movement in public art. The platform gives a collective voice to artists working in different parts of the world, and that is my contribution as curator. The project goes beyond curating the poster interventions in Glasgow, to try and connect with, and actively contribute to, a broader conversation internationally.

The major global events arising throughout 2020 alongside coronavirus fears, have motivated a surge in activist contemporaneous research across public sites as well as newly formed online artistic platforms, creating an ideal recipe for Art of Defiance: for artists to shout back, to escape the limitations of daily life, and to challenge authority. And possibly to signal the start of a major new cultural revolution?

Curatorial Statement

I am a South African with an extensive interest in subversive and activist art practice, especially in street culture, public space interventions and the involvement of art in pivotal contemporary events. This interest emerged in my formative years in the Limpopo and Gauteng Provinces of South Africa where my awareness of the powerful effect of art in communal space developed into a fascination for art as a disruptive force. My visual experience of art as a tool of protest against the Apartheid regime and as part of a wider internal resistance movement fighting for change, established my desire to seek out art on the unconventional fringes of the mainstream. My curatorial practice explores interdisciplinary connectivity, transformational shifts and social engagement through art with a particular interest in artistic practices identified as marginalised, alternative, or part of DIY urban sub-cultures. My current research-led projects focus on anti-establishment art and creative activism within spaces that seek to defy and undermine dominant systems of influence and control on society.

Biography

Marianne Vosloo is a freelance curator, artist and event organiser, and an arts programmer at SWG3, Glasgow. She is the co-organiser of Yardworks, an annual multi-disciplinary live arts event at SWG3, showcasing Visual Art, Street Art, Design, Typography and Aerosol Art in public space. Marianne has a degree in Art History and Visual Communication from the University of Pretoria, South Africa. Recent exhibitions include Authority & Freedom: Testing the Context (Underneath M8 motorway and A804 Phoenix Road, Glasgow, 2019) co-curated with Beatriz Lobo Britto, Jiaying Cao, Kehan Liu and Pui Ying Claudia Chan, and Control Alter Delete (The Photography Studio, SWG3, Glasgow, 2020). The latter event linked the work of a satirical artist, illustrator and writer, a subvertiser and visual activist, painting and printmaking students and a street artist to showcase overlapping subversive responses to structures of power and authority.

Hu Yihang is a “silent” pseudo curator and radical post-idealist in a sense. His practice investigates “redundant events” arising from the ontological contradiction of ideological intervention in communities; His recent research centres on the reconstruction of the body caused by epistemological and aesthetic conflicts, the ontology of organic bodies and digital simulacra and the dialectic of texts as visual and phonetic act in the exhibitions.

He is also a co-founder of curatorial community /nfornonsense/ & founder of /Stray Dogs’ Garden (野犬花园)/ & 1/3 of curatorial collective /the_bricolage/.

Recent produced exhibitions include: /My Truth is Your Story/ (Britannia Panopticon Music Hall, November 2019), co-curated with Hannah Benassi and Shalmali Shetty; (online project, March 2020); /Phenakite are Forever/ (online project, August 2020); /Bon Voyage/ (Wooton Gallery, January 2021).

yihang.hu29@gmail.com
Instagram: @yihanginthewild

Shalmali Shetty (b. 1992) is pursuing an M.Litt in Curatorial Practice (Contemporary Art) at Glasgow School of Art and the University of Glasgow supported by the Charles Wallace India Trust Scholarship. She completed her Bachelor’s in Painting and Printmaking from the Faculty of Fine Arts, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Gujarat (2015) and a Master’s in Arts and Aesthetics from the Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi (2017). She has previously worked as an editor, writer and researcher for various art magazines and platforms based in India and has recently curated exhibitions within Glasgow. She intends to coalesce her background in art practice and theory in the production of the curatorial.

Her recent curatorial projects as part of M.Litt CPCA include the Hunterian Project 2020: In/Visibility: Presence in Performance co-curated with Carol Dunn, Claude Chan and Hannah Braithwaite in collaboration with the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow (March 2020, cancelled due to Covid-19) and My Truth is Your Story co-curated with Hannah Benassi and Yihang Hu under the collective titled the_bricolage, Glasgow (November 2019).

For her degree project, she has been working on putting together a publication titled this cloud may burst (December 2020) with visual and textual contributions from Debi Banerjee, Jenny Brownrigg, Sean Patrick Campbell and Katri Heinämäki around the themes of archives, hauntology, material cultures and memories.

CURATORIAL STATEMENT

this cloud may burst: thoughts on the loss and preservation of memory

It was May 2020 – I had already spent two months of the lockdown living alone in my room. Much of my thoughts were centred around a future I had anticipated and the sudden disruption of that very sense of a future. Accompanying this was the event of my hard disk crashing, erasing data and a sense of a past that I had digitally accumulated over a period of time. This only added to my experience of moments of slowness, stagnancy, blankness and despair. I was unable to remember what either the future or the past contained.⁣⁣⁣

What if one day, hypothetically speaking, we wake up to a world that experiences a digital blackout – as unprecedented as this pandemic that fractured familiar processes? Would this digital obsolescence disrupt our personal memories? What will it take to perform a collective remembrance in the shadow of capitalist and political structures? ⁣⁣⁣

Meanwhile, I think of artists and cultural practitioners who tend to make references to personal, historical and political archives and collective memories for their creative productions, adding their own interpretations and expressions, making way for intended or unintended appropriations, new and fictional narratives, parallel histories, analogous archives and alternate timelines. While recontextualizing the past within the contemporary, they are inadvertently building a layered, multi-narrative history for other possible futures.

The publication comprises thoughts on the loss and preservation of memory through text and visuals contributed by Debi Banerjee, Jenny Brownrigg, Sean Patrick Campbell and Katri Heinämäki (refer to accompanying images).